TADM2E 4.2
From Algorithm Wiki
(a) Iterate over the array once, keeping track of the max and min values respectively for x and y. This will have $ O(n) $ worst-case time.
(b) The answer is straight forward: $ S[1] $ and $ S[n], $ since they are the two extreme values.
(c) Sort the array with any $ n\log(n) $ method. Then scan through the sorted array to find the smallest gap, thus the desired pair.
(d) Same as (c), after sorting.
